Summary: Researchers identified the structure of the nucleus, the first step in amyloid formation associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Huntington’s.
The study suggests a radical method to treat these diseases—halting the initial amyloid formation step. They discovered the nucleus forms within a single protein molecule and inhibiting this formation can potentially stop the disease progression.
This approach could change treatment methods for dozens of amyloid-related diseases.
Key Facts:
- The disease-causing amyloid formation is initiated by a structure called the nucleus, found within a single protein molecule.
- The study used a novel method, Distributed Amphifluoric Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (DAmFRET), to observe protein self-assembly in cells.
- The critical number of glutamine repeats (Qs) in a protein sequence for nucleus formation was identified as 36, providing a precise target for therapeutic intervention.
Source: Stowers Institute for Medical Research
Devastating neurodegenerative diseases like Huntington’s, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s are all associated with protein deposits in the brain, known as amyloid.
Despite extensive research investment into the cause and toxicity of amyloids, deciphering the first step in formation along with effective therapies has remained elusive.
For the first time, scientists at the Stowers Institute for Medical Research have uncovered the structure of the first step in amyloid formation, called the nucleus, for Huntington’s disease.
The study published in eLife on June 13, 2023, from the lab of Associate Investigator Randal Halfmann, Ph.D., proposes a new, radical method for treating not only Huntington’s but potentially dozens of other amyloid-associated diseases—preventing the initial, rate-limiting step from occurring.
“This is the first time anyone has experimentally determined the structure of an amyloid nucleus even though most major neurodegenerative diseases are associated with amyloids,” said Halfmann.
“One of the big mysteries of Huntington’s, Alzheimer’s, and ALS is why disease coincides with amyloid, yet the amyloids themselves are not the main culprits.”
Co-first authors Tej Kandola, Ph.D., and Shriram Venkatesan, Ph.D., uniquely identified the structure of the amyloid nucleus for huntingtin, the protein responsible for Huntington’s disease, discovering that the nucleus forms within a single protein molecule.
Proteins are the cell’s factory workers constructed from unique sequences of 20 amino acids, their building blocks. Some proteins have repeats of one of these amino acids—glutamine (abbreviated as Q).
Huntington’s and eight other diseases, collectively called “PolyQ diseases,” occur when certain proteins have a repeat that is too long. Somehow, this causes the proteins to fold into a specific structure that starts a chain reaction that kills the cell.
“For three decades, we’ve known that Huntington’s and related fatal diseases occur when proteins contain more than around 36 Qs in a row, causing them to form chains of proteins in the brain, but we didn’t know why,” said Halfmann.
“We’ve now figured out what the first link in the chain looks like, and, in doing so, have discovered a new way to stop it.”
“I am, frankly, astonished that such an intuitive physical model of nucleation emerged despite the intrinsic complexity of the cellular environment,” said Professor Jeremy Schmit, Ph.D., from Kansas State University.
“I am truly excited by the intuition and the testable hypotheses that this work inspires.”
A paradigm shift and potential therapeutic method
These new findings are potentially a paradigm shift for how we view amyloids. The results from this research suggest that it is the early committed steps of amyloid formation, right after the nucleus forms, that cause neuronal cell death.
Along with uncovering the key structure that begins polyQ amyloid formation, researchers found that it only formed in isolated molecules of the protein. Clumping the proteins together in cells stopped amyloids forming altogether. This is a novel therapeutic avenue the team plans to explore further in mice and brain organoids.
A new technique
A technique recently developed by the Halfmann Lab, Distributed Amphifluoric Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (DAmFRET), shows how a protein self-assembles in single cells. This method turned out to be crucial for observing the rate-limiting amyloid-forming nucleation event.
“A key innovation was to minimize the volume of the reaction to such an extent that we can witness its stochasticity, or randomness, and then we tweak the sequence to figure out what is governing that,” said Halfmann.
Designing and testing specific patterns of Qs enabled the team to deduce the minimum structure that could form amyloid—a bundle of four strands each with three Qs in specific locations. This tiny crystal inside a single molecule of the protein is the first step in a chain reaction that results in disease.
“Prior work in test tubes supports a monomeric nucleus, but this model has been controversial,” said Halfmann. “We now have strong evidence that 36 Qs is the critical number for nucleation to happen in single protein molecules, and moreover, that this is how it happens inside living cells.”
In essence, this work provides a molecular model to investigate the structure of any amyloid nucleus. Additionally, the correlation between aging and amyloids suggests that this method may ultimately uncover molecular mechanisms that cause aging. The preemptive approach to eliminate or at the very least to delay nucleation provides hope for people with pathologic PolyQ proteins.
“The emerging paradigm is that everything follows from a single event, a spontaneous change in protein shape,” said Halfmann. “That event ignites the chain reaction for amyloids that kill cells and may provide critical insight into how amyloids cause disease.”
Additional authors include Jiahui Zhang, Ph.D., Brooklyn Lerbakken, Alex Von Schulze, Ph.D., Jillian F Blanck, Jianzheng Wu, Ph.D., Jay Unruh, Ph.D., Paula Berry, Jeffery Lange, Ph.D., Andrew Box, Malcolm Cook, and Celeste Sagui, Ph.D.
Funding: This work was funded by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (award: R01GM130927) and by institutional support from the Stowers Institute for Medical Research. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.
About this Huntington’s disease research news
Author: Joe Chiodo
Source: Stowers Institute for Medical Research
Contact: Joe Chiodo – Stowers Institute for Medical Research
Image: The image is credited to Neuroscience News
Original Research: Open access.
“Pathologic polyglutamine aggregation begins with a self-poisoning polymer crystal” by Tej Kandola et al. eLife
Abstract
Pathologic polyglutamine aggregation begins with a self-poisoning polymer crystal
A long-standing goal of amyloid research has been to characterize the structural basis of the rate-determining nucleating event. However, the ephemeral nature of nucleation has made this goal unachievable with existing biochemistry, structural biology, and computational approaches.
Here, we addressed that limitation for polyglutamine (polyQ), a polypeptide sequence that causes Huntington’s and other amyloid-associated neurodegenerative diseases when its length exceeds a characteristic threshold.
To identify essential features of the polyQ amyloid nucleus, we used a direct intracellular reporter of self-association to quantify nucleation frequencies as a function of concentration, conformational templates, and rational polyQ sequence permutations.
We found that nucleation of pathologically expanded polyQ involves segments of three glutamine (Q) residues at every other position. We demonstrate using molecular simulations that this pattern encodes a four-stranded steric zipper with interdigitated Q side chains.
Once formed, the zipper poisoned its own growth by engaging naive polypeptides on orthogonal faces, in a fashion characteristic of polymer crystals with intramolecular nuclei. We further show that preemptive oligomerization of polyQ inhibits amyloid nucleation.
By uncovering the physical nature of the rate-limiting event for polyQ aggregation in cells, our findings elucidate the molecular etiology of polyQ diseases.
